Language and Communication Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Research Evidence and International Experience with Early Intervention Models

Abstract

This article synthesizes international evidence on the effectiveness of four groups of early intervention models for language and communication development in children with autism spectrum disorder aged 3 to 6 years. Using a PRISMA-guided narrative synthesis methodology, 19 key works were selected from 85 sources. The four groups include: (1) ABA/EIBI, which improves communication skills; (2) PRT, which enhances motivation and spontaneity; (3) NDBI/ESDM, which yields the most comprehensive and sustainable outcomes; and (4) AAC/PECS, which supports children with limited verbal language. The findings indicate that no single model is optimal for all children with autism spectrum disorder; the highest effectiveness is achieved when intervention is individualized, integrated, and implemented in naturalistic contexts as early as possible.